Practice all 76 Anatomy MCQs from previous BCS Preliminary exams.
The largest tributaries that drain into Inferior Vena Cava is-
The three hepatic veins (right, middle, and left) are the largest tributaries draining venous blood from the liver directly into the inferior vena cava.
Part of Parasympathetic nervous system is-
The ciliary ganglion is a parasympathetic ganglion associated with the oculomotor nerve (CN III), supplying the sphincter pupillae and ciliary muscles.
Nerve responsible for sensation of smell is
The Olfactory nerve (Cranial Nerve I) transmits special sensory information for olfaction (smell).
The structural and functional unit of Lung is-
The alveolus is the microscopic structural and functional gas-exchanging unit of the respiratory system.
The largest gland of human body is
The liver is the largest internal organ and the largest gland in the human body, weighing roughly 1.5 kg.
The base of heart is formed mainly by
Anatomically, the base of the heart faces posteriorly and is formed predominantly by the left atrium and a small portion of the right atrium.
The following layer of digestive tract contains nerves & vessels
The submucosa contains dense connective tissue housing larger blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and the submucosal (Meissner's) nerve plexus.
Most activity growing area of a long bone is
The epiphyseal growth plate (epiphyseal cartilage) is the primary site of longitudinal bone growth through endochondral ossification.
Which one is derived from mesoderm?
All types of muscle tissue (skeletal, cardiac, and smooth) are embryologically derived from the mesoderm germ layer.
Which one of the following is reproductive organ?
The uterus is a secondary internal female reproductive organ responsible for gestation and fetal development.
Lining of urinary tract is-
The urinary tract (renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, and proximal urethra) is lined by urothelium (Transitional epithelium).
Carpal tunnel consists of-
The carpal tunnel contains the Median nerve along with 9 flexor tendons (4 FDS, 4 FDP, 1 FPL).
Skeletal muscle is present in the following viscera -
The thoracoabdominal diaphragm is composed of peripheral skeletal muscle fibers that insert into a central aponeurotic tendon.
Content of internal ear includes-
The internal ear (bony and membranous labyrinth) consists of the vestibule, semicircular canals, and the cochlea.
Stratified squamous epithelium is located in -
The oral cavity mucosa is lined throughout by stratified squamous epithelium (keratinized on gingiva/hard palate, non-keratinized on lining mucosa).
Which of the following is primary Lymphoid organ?
Bone marrow and thymus are primary (central) lymphoid organs where lymphocytes originate and mature; spleen, lymph nodes, and tonsils are secondary lymphoid organs.
A major sign of cardiac tamponade is
Signs of cardiac tamponade include: Raised JVP, Marked hypotension, Muffled heart sounds (Beck's triad), and Pulsus paradoxus.
Causes of short stature include following except
Klinefelter syndrome (47, XXY) is characterized by tall stature (eunuchoid proportions), whereas hypothyroidism, GH deficiency, and psychosocial deprivation cause short stature.
Bleeding time is Prolonged in
Bleeding time tests platelet function and primary hemostasis; it is prolonged in thrombocytopenia (ITP) and qualitative/factor defects like Von Willebrand disease (vWD).
A stretch reflex is
The deep tendon/myotatic stretch reflex (e.g. knee jerk) is a classic monosynaptic reflex arc mediated by muscle spindle afferents (Ia fibers) synapsing directly with alpha motor neurons.
Following cells are involved in Acute inflammation
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils are the hallmark cellular component and first-line cellular defenders in acute inflammation.
Clearance of drug depends on-
Drug clearance (CL) is mathematically related to elimination rate constant, volume of distribution, and plasma elimination half-life (t₁/₂ = 0.693 × Vd / CL).
Following muscles are involved in forceful respiration
External intercostals, scalenes, and sternocleidomastoid act in forced inspiration; internal intercostals and abdominal muscles (rectus abdominis) act in forced expiration.
Phagocytosis is promoted by
Complement fragments (C3b) promote opsonization to enhance phagocytic engulfment; HMP shunt supplies NADPH required for the respiratory burst and bacterial killing.
Pyrimidine bases are catabolised to
Unlike purine degradation which produces insoluble uric acid, pyrimidine bases (cytosine, uracil, thymine) are catabolized into highly water-soluble products: β-alanine, β-aminoisobutyrate, CO₂, and ammonia (NH₃).
In Graves disease, one would least likely expect
In primary hyperthyroidism (Graves' disease), high circulating levels of free T3/T4 exert negative feedback on the anterior pituitary, leading to suppressed (decreased/undetectable) TSH levels.
Linear growth is determined by
Growth hormone exerts its major growth-promoting longitudinal bone effects via Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1 / somatomedin C) acting at epiphyseal plates.
Contraindication of lumbar puncture
Raised intracranial pressure (commonly seen in head injury/space-occupying lesions) and deep uncal herniation risks are absolute contraindications to lumbar puncture.
Formation of clot is affected by
Factor IX (Christmas factor) is an essential component of the intrinsic tenase complex in the coagulation cascade; deficiency causes Hemophilia B.
Vit K
Vitamin K2 (menaquinone) is synthesized by normal bacterial microflora in the human large intestine/gut.
Extra articular manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis are
Extra-articular features of rheumatoid arthritis include rheumatoid nodules, pulmonary fibrosis, pleurisy, and bronchiolitis obliterans.
Organism that can cross placenta
Toxoplasma gondii (a protozoan parasite) is a classic TORCH organism capable of transplacental transmission, leading to congenital toxoplasmosis.
Causes of haematuria include
Genitourinary tuberculosis classically presents with sterile pyuria and microscopic or macroscopic painless hematuria.
Complete destruction of zona glomerulosa result in unable to produce
The outermost layer of the adrenal cortex, the zona glomerulosa, contains aldosterone synthase and exclusively produces mineralocorticoids (aldosterone).
Deep cervical fascia encloses
The pretracheal layer of the deep cervical fascia encloses the thyroid gland, trachea, and esophagus.
Renal control of acid base balance is a function of
The proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs ~85-90% of filtered bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻), while the distal nephron and collecting duct secrete H⁺ ions.
Sustained elevation of cardiac output occurs in
Chronic severe anaemia reduces blood viscosity and causes compensatory peripheral vasodilation with sympathetic stimulation, resulting in a hyperdynamic high-output state.
Causes of hyperpyrexia
Severe falciparum malaria (as well as pontine hemorrhage, heat stroke, and thyroid storm) is a well-recognized cause of hyperpyrexia (core body temperature > 41.5°C).
Parasites usually cross lungs during their life cycle
Nematodes that undergo heart-lung migration include Ascaris lumbricoides, Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus, and Strongyloides stercoralis (mnemonic: ASH).
Precancerous condition is
Oral leukoplakia is a clinical white patch of questionable risk that cannot be wiped off, established as a major potentially premalignant oral mucosal disorder.
Umbilical cord contains
The mature umbilical cord typically contains two umbilical arteries, one umbilical vein (carrying oxygenated blood), and remnants of the allantois/vitelline duct embedded in Wharton's jelly.
Autosomal recessive disorder
Autosomal recessive inheritance requires both mutant alleles (homozygosity); parents are typically asymptomatic heterozygous carriers (horizontal pedigree pattern).
DNA viruses are
Parvoviridae (e.g. Parvovirus B19) is a non-enveloped single-stranded DNA virus. Reovirus, Picornavirus, and Orthomyxoviruses possess RNA genomes.
In Addison’s disease, there is
Primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison's disease) causes low cortisol (leading to impaired gluconeogenesis and fasting hypoglycemia), hypotension, and hyperpigmentation.
In blood CO₂ is transported from tissue to lungs mainly as
Carbon dioxide is transported in venous blood primarily as bicarbonate ions (HCO₃⁻, ~70%), followed by carbamino compounds (~20-23%) and physically dissolved CO₂ (~7%).
Testosterone is synthesised from
Testosterone, like all steroid hormones synthesized in Leydig cells of testes and adrenal cortex, is derived from cholesterol via pregnenolone.
Which of the following organ is specially vulnerable during haemorrhagic shock
In hemorrhagic hypovolemia, sympathetic vasoconstriction shunts blood away from the splanchnic and renal circulations to preserve cerebral/coronary perfusion, rendering the kidneys highly prone to acute tubular necrosis.
Which of the followings are unencapsulated receptor
Unencapsulated sensory receptors include free nerve endings, Merkel's discs (tactile menisci), and peritrichial hair follicle endings.
In basal condition, most of the energy used by cardiac muscle from metabolism of
Under basal resting conditions, the adult myocardium derives approximately 60-70% of its ATP from the beta-oxidation of free fatty acids.
The major function of surfactant is to
Pulmonary surfactant (dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine) reduces surface tension at the air-water interface, thereby increasing lung compliance and preventing end-expiratory atelectasis.
Spores are killed by
Bacterial endospores are killed by autoclaving (moist heat 121°C for 15-20 min), dry heat (hot air oven 160°C for 2 hours), and high-level chemical sterilants (stabilized hydrogen peroxide).
In haemolytic anemia
Intravascular and extravascular hemolysis produces increased indirect bilirubin, elevated urinary urobilinogen, reticulocytosis, elevated serum LDH, and absent/low haptoglobin.
Acute renal failure following mismatched blood transfusion is due to
ABO incompatibility produces massive acute intravascular hemolysis, causing intense reflex renal cortical vasoconstriction, circulatory shock, and intratubular obstruction by free hemoglobin casts.
The affinity of Hb for O₂ is increased by
Left-shift of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve (increased O₂ affinity) is caused by alkalosis, hypothermia, decreased 2,3-DPG, and carboxyhemoglobin formation (CO poisoning).
In aerobic exercise there is decrease in
At the initial onset of intense exercise, sympathetic splanchnic and cutaneous vasoconstriction shunts blood towards working muscles, causing transient reduction in skin temperature.
Following predispose to the development of tuberculosis
Impaired cell-mediated immunity due to protein-energy malnutrition, Vitamin D deficiency, silicosis, and HIV infection significantly predisposes to active tuberculosis reactivation.
Complication of typhoid fever is
During the 3rd week of enteric (typhoid) fever, necrosis of Peyer's patches in the terminal ileum can cause life-threatening intestinal perforation and lower GI hemorrhage.
Third aortic arch derivatives
The embryonic 3rd pharyngeal (aortic) arch gives rise to the Common Carotid Artery and the proximal part of the Internal/External Carotid arteries.
A regurgitant aortic valve in a nonfunctioning heart causes
In aortic regurgitation, retrograde blood flow into the left ventricle during diastole causes rapid runoff, collapsing peripheral pulses, and a marked reduction in diastolic blood pressure.
Insulin causes
Insulin stimulates the Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase pump, driving potassium (K⁺) from the extracellular space into the intracellular compartment (used therapeutically in acute hyperkalemia).
Vitamin K is necessary for synthesis of
Vitamin K serves as an essential cofactor for gamma-glutamyl carboxylase in the hepatic synthesis of clotting factors II (prothrombin), VII, IX, and X, as well as proteins C and S.
Causes of high ESR is
Monoclonal paraproteinemia in multiple myeloma causes dramatic erythrocyte rouleaux formation, resulting in extremely high (> 100 mm/1st hr) ESR.
Features of aortic stenosis includes
Left ventricular pressure overload and concentric hypertrophy in severe aortic stenosis produce a sustained/heaving, non-displaced apical impulse.
Polycythemia occurs in
Tissue hypoxia (high altitude, chronic cyanotic heart disease, COPD) stabilizes HIF-1α, triggering renal erythropoietin secretion and secondary polycythemia.
Medial cord of brachial plexus gives rise to
The branches of the medial cord include: Ulnar nerve, Medial cutaneous nerve of arm, Medial cutaneous nerve of forearm, Medial pectoral nerve, and the medial root of Median nerve (mnemonic: 4M & 1U).
Jaundice within 24 hrs. of age
Jaundice appearing within the first 24 hours of life is always pathological, most commonly due to hemolytic disease of the newborn (Rh/ABO incompatibility, red cell enzyme/membrane defects).
Axillary nerve supplies the
The axillary nerve (C5-C6) innervates the deltoid and teres minor muscles and provides sensory supply over the regimental badge area.
Continuous capillaries are found in
Continuous non-fenestrated capillaries equipped with tight intercellular junctions (claudins/occludins) constitute the anatomical basis of the blood-brain barrier in the cerebral cortex.
The diaphragm is pierced by
The left phrenic nerve pierces the muscular left dome of the diaphragm; the sympathetic trunk passes behind the medial arcuate ligament/crura.
Retroperitoneal structures include
Primary retroperitoneal structures include the inferior vena cava and abdominal aorta; ascending and descending colon are secondary retroperitoneal organs.
Avascular structures include
Enamel, cornea, hyaline articular cartilage, and the epidermis of skin are completely avascular anatomical structures.
Blood brain barrier formed by
The anatomical basis of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is formed by non-fenestrated capillary endothelial cells interconnected by continuous tight junctions and wrapped by astrocytic end-feet.
Which type of epithelium is found in thyroid follicles
Thyroid follicles in normal functional state are lined by simple cuboidal epithelium surrounding the central colloid lumen.
Content of the broad ligament
The broad ligament contains the uterine tubes, round ligament of uterus, ovarian ligament, ovarian and uterine blood vessels, and nerve plexuses.
Myoepithelial cells found in
Contractile myoepithelial cells surround the acini and ducts of exocrine glands including sweat, mammary, lacrimal, and salivary (parotid) glands.
Structure passes through greater sciatic foramen
Structures passing through the greater sciatic foramen include the piriformis muscle, sciatic nerve, superior and inferior gluteal nerves and vessels, and pudendal nerve.
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